The Small Business Administration Has Been Providing Small...

The Small Business Administration has been providing small businesses with funding since 1953. The purpose of SBA is to continue the path of free trade and competition that United States businesses have enjoyed and prospered from. SBA does not offer grants directly to for-profit businesses, only not-for profit businesses, financial institutions, and government agencies for the disbursement of SBA loans. Loan programs that are available include homes for home based businesses. 7(a) Loan Guarantee Program The SBA offers a loan of up to $2,000,000 to small businesses that are just getting started. This is considered to be the most flexible type of business loan program available through SBA as it covers a wide range of business types. The 4 types of 7(a) loan programs are as follows: Express Programs - These loans have a turn around rate of 36 hours and typically are good for $25,000 of less. Export Loan Programs - Given to companies that are able to export goods and need extra capi tal for export sales. A loan maximum of $2,000,000 applies to this program and a 500 employee limit to the company is also mandated. Rural Lender Advantage Programs - This gives small lenders in rural areas guaranteed backing for business loans in rural area, particularly agricultural loans. Loan amounts available will depend on the factors of credit, property size, and business growth possibilities. Special Purpose Loans Programs - This program is designed to help businesses affected by NAFTAShow MoreRelatedHistory Of The Small Business Program1500 Words   |  6 Pageshistory of the small business program, explain the small business set-aside program, assess the dollar threshold for small business contracts, the purpose of source selection evaluation plan, and ranking of criteria for the scenario. History of the Small Business Program In 1932, President Hoover tried to mitigate the Great Depression by creating The Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC). The purpose of the RFC was to try to help businesses no matter what size large and small by providing federal fundsRead MoreEntrepreneurial Leadership1321 Words   |  6 Pages Analyze and describe the founding leader(s), leadership style, and major business principles of a profit-oriented entrepreneurial approach in which the primary goal is to provide a product or service to consumers and to make a profit In a time where greed and self-absorption is rampant, a very simple idea has made Southwest Airlines the largest and most profitable domestic airline today. That simple idea is do the right thing and do thingsRead MoreThe Concept Of An Entrepreneurship1345 Words   |  6 Pagesby many different people. The Business in Action textbook defines entrepreneurship as the combination of innovation, initiative and willingness take risks required to create and operate new businesses and an entrepreneur as a person with positive, forward-thinking desire to create profitable, sustainable business enterprise. According to this definition, a small business owner could definitely be classed as an entrepreneur, as anyone who runs and owns their own business is taking risks with their financesRead MoreA Brief Note On Start A Successful Business1170 Words   |  5 Pages12/11/14 How to Start a Successful Business Have you ever thought about starting a business? Millions of Americans do. This is your guide on how to begin. Through the implementation of a business plan along with thorough market research, you will gain the sustainability needed to begin a business. These techniques have been tested by those in the business and are backed up by extensive research. This paper will not only help others on their journey to starting a business, but myself as well. I hope toRead MoreRestaurant Business Plan For A Private Limited Company Essay1671 Words   |  7 Pages RESTAURANT BUSINESS PLAN We as a group were to decide on a business to start and after talking it over for a while, we ended up picking a restaurant as our business. We first did our research on a restaurant as a business and how it operates. Restaurants come differently throughout the world. Some are fast-food establishments, where everyone can dine in at an affordable price, yet the quality is not that great. There are some restaurants that serve all the meals throughout the day (breakfast,Read MoreEssay about Devastating Effects Of Katrina1542 Words   |  7 Pages As of recently, the relief efforts have been going well. Almost 75% of the debris caused by the storm was removed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency in Mississippi and 54% in Louisiana. FEMA has approved $585 million in community disaster loans to help local authorities maintain essential services such as law enforcement, schools and fire services. More than 1.8 million housing inspections have been completed in Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas. The U.SRead MoreIs Money A Corrupt?977 Words   |  4 PagesIs Money Speech. The funding of political campaigns and lobbying is one area where the freedom of â€Å"speech† should defiantly be restricted. In the 2000s, a series of court cases that culminated in Citizens United v. FEC have destroyed the ability of the American people to properly regulate election spending. As a result of this, the government has become massively corrupt, the government is now even less accountable to the American people, and the country has been greatly destabilized. Of course,Read MoreSpeech : Is Money Speech?919 Words   |  4 PagesIs Money Speech? The funding of political campaigns and lobbying is one area where the freedom of â€Å"speech† should defiantly be restricted. In the 2000s, a series of court cases that culminated in Citizens United v. FEC have destroyed the ability of the American people to properly regulate election spending. As a result of this, the government has become massively corrupt, the government is now even less accountable to the American people, and the country has been greatly destabilized. Of course,Read MoreAn Overview Of The Business Support Infrastructures And The Sme Sector And Business Start Up Activities1507 Words   |  7 PagesAn overview of the business support infrastructures and their role and contribution to growth and development of the SME sector and business start-up activities. Introduction Over the course of last forty years, the government perceptions and importance of small and medium sized enterprises have changed from being equivalent to technological backwardness and having modest economic contributions to containing such dynamic and innovative enterprises which contribute to and are an integral part ofRead MoreAbstract. Project Management Is An Essential Tool Which1713 Words   |  7 Pagesis an essential tool which benefits businesses. There are numerous positions relating to it, but is it enough to categorize it as a profession? The introduction will provide some essential definition and remind us what is the project management about. Then, I will develop two opposed point of view on this matter, the first one answering negatively and the second one positively to the question asked above. The outlook will be defined progressively by providing some elements required to be a project

Biography of Clarence Darrow, Legendary Attorney

Clarence Darrow became the most famous defense lawyer in early 20th century America by taking on cases considered hopeless and emerging as a leading voice for civil liberties. Among his celebrated cases was the defense of John Scopes, the Tennessee teacher prosecuted in 1925 for teaching about the theory of evolution, and the defense of Leopold and Loeb, two wealthy students who killed a neighbor boy for the thrill of it. Darrows legal career was utterly ordinary until he became involved in advocating for labor activists in the 1890s. Before long he would become nationally known as a crusader for justice, often speaking out against capital punishment. His obituary in the New York Time in 1938 noted that he had defended the accused in â€Å"a hundred or more murder trials, no client of his had ever died on the gallows or in the electric chair.† That was not entirely accurate, but it underscores Darrows legendary reputation. Fast Facts: Clarence Darrow Known For: Famous defense attorney who often won cases thought to be hopeless.Notable Cases: Leopold and Loeb, 1924; the Scopes Monkey Trial, 1925.Born: April 18, 1857, near Kinsman, OhioDied: March 13, 1938, age 80, Chicago, IllinoisSpouses: Jessie Ohl (m. 1880-1897) and Ruby Hammerstrom (m. 1903)Children: Paul Edward DarrowEducation: Allegheny College and University of Michigan Law SchoolInteresting Fact: Darrow claimed to believe in personal liberty, the abolition of capital punishment, and the improvement of labor conditions. Early Life Clarence Darrow was born April 18, 1857, in Farmdale, Ohio. After attending public schools in Ohio, young Darrow worked as a farm hand and decided the labor of the farm was not for him. He studied for a year Allegheny College in Pennsylvania before attending the University of Michigan law school for a year. His education was not impressive by modern standards, but it qualified him to read law for a year with a local lawyer in Ohio, which was a common method of becoming an attorney at the time. Darrow became a member of the Ohio bar in 1878, and for the next decade he embarked on a fairly typical career for a lawyer in small town America. In 1887, hoping to take on more interesting work, Darrow moved to Chicago. In the big city he worked as a civil lawyer, pursuing ordinary legal tasks. He took on work as a counsel for the city, and in the early 1890s he worked as a corporate counsel for the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad. In 1894 Darrow’s life took a significant turn when he began defending legendary labor activist Eugene V. Debs, who was fighting an injunction against him for leading a strike against the Pullman company. Darrow was ultimately not successful in his defense of Debs. But his exposure to Debs and the labor movement gave him new direction in life. Crusader for Justice Beginning in the mid-1890s, Darrow began taking on cases that appealed to his sense of justice. He was generally successful, for what he lacked in education and prestige he made up with his ability to speak plainly but dramatically in front of juries and judges. His courtroom suits were always rumpled, apparently by design. He portrayed himself as a common man seeking justice, though often armed with cunning legal strategies. Darrow became known for sharp cross-examinations of witnesses, and as he championed those he considered oppressed, he would often introduce novel concepts from the emerging field of criminology. In 1894 Darrow defended Eugene Prendergast, a drifter who killed the mayor of Chicago, Carter Harrison, and then walked into a police station and confessed. Darrow raised an insanity defense, but Prendergast was convicted and sentenced to death. He was the first and last of Darrows clients to be executed. The Haywood Case One of Darrows most notable cases came in 1907, when the former governor of Idaho, a supporter of the mining industry, was killed in a bombing. Detectives from the Pinkerton agency apprehended officials of the Western Federation of Miners (part of the Industrial Workers of the World) including the unions president, William Big Bill Haywood. Charged with conspiracy to commit murder, Haywood and others were to go on trial in Boise, Idaho. Darrow was retained for the defense and deftly destroyed the prosecutions case. Under Darrows cross-examination, the actual perpetrator of the bombing admitted he had acted alone as a matter of personal vengeance. He had been pressured to implicate the labor leaders by the prosecutors in the case. Darrow gave a summation which amounted to a profound defense of the labor movement. Haywood and the others were acquitted, and Darrows performance cemented his position as a defender of the common man against money interests. Leopold and Loeb Darrow was on the front pages of newspapers across American in 1924 when he defended Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb. The two were college students from wealthy families who confessed to a shocking crime, the murder of a 14-year-old neighbor boy, Robert Franks. Leopold and Loeb became figures of public fascination as they told detectives they had committed the kidnapping and murder of a random boy for the adventure of perpetrating the perfect crime. Seated left to right, Nathan Leopold, Jr., attorney Clarence Darrow and Richard Loeb. The boys were found guilty of the murder and kidnapping and Bobby Franks.    The families of Leopold and Loeb approached Darrow, who at first resisted taking the case. He was certain they would be convicted, and he had no doubt they had committed the murder. But he took on the case as he was opposed to capital punishment, and his goal would be to save them from what seemed to be certain execution by hanging. Darrow requested that the case be heard by a judge without a jury. The judge in the case agreed. Darrow’s strategy was not to argue about their guilt, which was certain. And as they had been judged sane, he couldn’t argue an insanity defense. He tried something novel, which was to argue that the two young men were mentally diseased. Darrow called expert witnesses to advance psychiatric theories. The witness, known at the time as alienists, claimed the young men had mental problems related to their upbringings which were mitigating factors in the crime. The appeal for mercy posed by Darrow eventually succeeded. After deliberating for ten days, the judge sentenced Leopold and Loeb to sentences of life plus 99 years. (Loeb was killed in prison by another inmate in 1934. Leopold was eventually paroled in 1958 and died in Puerto Rico in 1971.) The judge in the case told the press that he was moved to show mercy by the age of the defendants and not by the psychiatric evidence. However, the case was considered by the public to be a triumph for Darrow. The Scopes Trial Darrow was a religious agnostic and was particularly opposed to religious fundamentalism. So the defense of John Scopes, the schoolteacher from Dayton, Tennessee, prosecuted for teaching about Darwin’s Theory of Evolution naturally appealed to him. American lawyers Clarence Darrow (1857-1938) and William Jennings Bryan (1860-1925) at the Scopes Trial. Heritage Images / Getty Images The case arose when the 24-year-old Scopes, teaching in a local public high school, included mentions of Darwin’s ideas in the curriculum. By doing so he violated a Tennessee law, the Butler Act, and he was charged. William Jennings Bryan, one of most prominent Americans in politics for decades, entered the case as the prosecuting attorney. On one level, the case was simply about whether Scopes had violated the local law. But when Darrow came into the case, the proceedings became nationally known, and the case was dubbed The Monkey Trial in the sensationalist press. A split in American society in the 1920s, between religious conservatives and progressives advocating science, became the focus of the courtroom drama. Newspaper reporters, including the legendary journalist and social critic H.L. Mencken, flooded into the town of Dayton, Tennessee, for the trial. News dispatches went out via telegraph, and even reporters in the new medium of radio relayed the proceedings to listeners around the country. The highlight of the trial occurred when Bryan, claiming to be an authority on Biblical teachings, took the witness stand. He was cross-examined by Darrow. Reports of the encounter stressed how Darrow had humbled Bryan by getting him to admit to a literal interpretation of the Bible. A headline in the Washington Evening Star proclaimed: Eve Made of Rib, Jonah Swallowed by Fish, Bryan Declares In Sensational Cross-Examination of Bible Beliefs By Darrow. The legal result of the trial was actually a loss for Darrow’s client. Scopes was found guilty and fined $100. However, to many observers, including H.L. Mencken, Darrow was considered to have won a victory in the sense of having shown to the nation at large the ludicrous nature of fundamentalism. Later Career Besides his busy legal practice, Darrow published a number of books, including Crime: Its Cause and Treatment, published in 1922, dealing with Darrows belief that crime was caused by factors impacting a persons life. He also wrote an autobiography published in 1932. In 1934, President Franklin Roosevelt appointed the elderly Darrow to a post in the federal government, assigned to correct legal problems with the National Recovery Act (a part of the New Deal). Darrows work was considered successful. One of his last jobs was to serve on a commission studying the threat arising in Europe, and he issued a warning about the danger of Hitler. Darrow died in Chicago on March 13, 1938. His funeral was attended by many members of the public, and he was eulogized as a tireless crusader for justice. Sources: Clarence Seward Darrow. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed., vol. 4, Gale, 2004, pp. 396-397. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Scopes Monkey Trial. Gale Encyclopedia of American Law, edited by Donna Batten, 3rd ed., vol. 9, Gale, 2010, pp. 38-40. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Darrow, Clarence. Crime and Punishment in America Reference Library, edited by Richard C. Hanes, et al., vol. 4: Primary Sources, UXL, 2005, pp. 118-130. Gale Virtual Reference Library.

Philosophical Exploration of Human Free Will Essay

Choices that people make have a giant place in their lives. Most of us consider that we do these choices freely, that we have free will to make these choices. The point that most of us miss is free will is not simple as is it looks like. When one makes choices doesn’t he consider that what would that choices lead him to? Therefore does he make those choices for his benefits or his desires to make those choices? Does the environment push him to make those choices or does he have the free will to ignore his own environment? Philosopher and writes splits around those questions. There is different thesis, beliefs about free will. Some say that we are conditioned from birth with qualities of our personality, social standing and attitudes. That†¦show more content†¦Gordon M. Orloff basically supports hard determinism. He support that’s every action that we take is from our instincts or the situations that we in. he asserts that when we confront to something we first process that issue with our brains. He gives interactions between opposite sexes for instance. People first think about lust when interact with opposite sex but our brains know that lust is a sin and doing such sins causes us to feel guilty. Orloff says that we give decisions either conscious or unconscious. More clearly, he claims that whether we choose something accrue or not with judgment of our brains. Therefore, we make those choices automatically, based on our instincts. (Orloff 2002) On the other hand Midgley supports that determinists only give examples about our instincts against free actions. She claims our abilities shapes up which way we would take or actions we would make. Midgley asserts in her article that; humans have capacities that they have those since their born. She supports that people should improve their abilities according to their capacities. For instance she argues that humans need get the education from their childhood according to their capacities. By t he education that they would get according to their capacities they could improve themselves more in better way. Furthermore when the times come to decide which way to choose they could freely make the choice to go along with their capacities or the way that theyShow MoreRelatedcompare and contrast aphra Bhens Oroonoko the royal slave and candide, or optimism1618 Words   |  7 PagesCOMPARE AND CONTRAST THE TWO PASSAGES BELOW, TAKEN FROM BEHNS _OROONOKO_ OR THE ROYAL SLAVE AND VOLTAIRES _CANDIDE_, OR OPTIMISM. IN YOUR DISCUSSION PAY PARTICULAR ATTENTION TO THE WAYS IN WHICH THE CONTEXTS OF EUROPEAN COLONISATION AND EXPLORATION INFORM THE TWO PASSAGES. Aphra Bhen was a prolific female playwright and author during the restoration period of English history. Bhen herself stood by the power of the monarchy. Her book _Oroonoko_ has hints within the text that royalty is seenRead MoreEssay on The Renaissance Humanistic Concept of Man994 Words   |  4 Pagesprinciples that dominate the philosophy up until nowadays. Humanism developed as one of the principal philosophical concepts of Renaissance. What does this concept mean, why is it so crucial to understanding of the epoch of Renaissance? With the philosophy of humanism 14th century Italy obtained the major doctrines of the revival: study of the classics, importance on learning, and emphasis on the human values, concern with man and his problems. The latter is the main difference between the MiddleRead MorePragmatism, By Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, And John Dewey1553 Words   |  7 PagesPragmatism as a philosophy has become admittedly hard to define. It is now a field of philosophical thought that not only includes scholars such as Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, and John Dewey (whom many consider to be the founders of the tradition), but also more contemporary philosophers such as Cornel West and Richard Rorty, among many others. The sheer number of â€Å"pragmatists† who have published works over the past century and a half has created a seemingly endless number of versionsRead MoreWilliam W oolf s The Lighthouse1480 Words   |  6 PagesLighthouse’ is written in a Modernist style, is very philosophical, does not have a traditional casual plot, and focuses on the exploration of the mind. Woolf uses experimental techniques, such as writing as a stream-of-consciousness in order to present the experience, subconscious minds, and the conscious thoughts of characters. The sense of a clear authorial narrator is missing as Woolf describes the minds of her characters in poetic images and her free-flowing style allows Woolf to flit between differentRead MoreGenetic Engineering : Medical Perfection Or Playing God1280 Words   |  6 Pagesexact copies of organisms, genetic engineering refers to processes in which scientists manipulate genes to create purposefully different versions of organisms—and, in some cases, entirely new living things†, duplication of genetic cells is known as human cloning. Development of genetic engineering biotechnologies undermines the natural autonomy of life. Does genetic engineering interfere with God’s natural order or a manipulation of God creation and the intended purpose of our lives? Genetic engineeringRead MoreRalph Waldo Emerson And Henry David Thoreau971 Words   |  4 Pagesagree on the human condition, the two authors speak with different tones that reflect how nature affects the entirety of man’s spirit. While both Emerson and Thoreau practice the spirit of the human condition, Emerson focused his energy on how â€Å"[nature’s] philosophical import [is]†¦unchanged by man† (215.) where Thoreau implied that we are â€Å"subjects of an experiment† (1051). Transcendentalism was a literary movement in the 19th century that deliberately pushed forth the exploration to defineRead MoreSpace Colonization : A New Frontier1710 Words   |  7 PagesSpace Colonization: A New Frontier As the possibility of space colonization and development begins to loom large, more and more people are beginning to question how such development will be pursued and what effect it will have on humans and the environment. Scientists are considering the feasibility of space colonization and its worth of study compared to other fields. Ethicists and environmentalists wonder how ethical it is to change the space environment and what consequences come with doing soRead MoreDavid Hume s Theory Of Free Will1559 Words   |  7 Pagesconstrained by the laws of nature? David Hume describes The Problem of Free Will as ‘the most contentious question of metaphysics’. Initial exploration into this school of thought gave rise to several philosophical viewpoints supported by modern thinkers. Hard determinism bases its viewpoint on the strict theory of causality, rejecting the idea of free will. On the contrary, Libertarianism opposes this, supporting the concept of free will and deny ing that a deterministic universe exists. Both of theseRead MoreScience, Religion, Politics And The Arts Of Modern Europe1386 Words   |  6 Pagesinduced the rise of the middle class. Aside from the trade markets and early industrialism, quickly changing thoughts regarding science, God, man and the cosmos propelled political philosophies into uncharted territories. Modern thinking led to the philosophical writings which helped usher in the acceptance of these thoughts to much of society. Science and religion were the hinges to the new political environment; all of these changes in society greatly affected the many works of painters, sculptors, novelistsRead MoreLearning Is Viewed As One Of The Most Important Interactive Activities1643 Words   |  7 PagesDewey excelled as a student in public schools, then went on to study philosophy; graduating second in his class. While teaching at the universities, Dewey became fascinated with philosophical treatises and decided to expand focus in studying psychology and philosophy at John Hopkins. Although Dewey’s philosophical treatises were inspired by William James; George Sylvester Morris (American educator and philosopher) and G. Stanley Hall (American educator and psychologist) were among some of the

Cultural Differences Effect Student Academic Growth

It is unusual, but not unprecedented, for a non-Catholic student to enroll in a Catholic school. In my Catholic elementary school, there are some non-Catholic students, who are predominantly Christian. Rarely, do we enroll a student who is Muslim or Jewish. It becomes our responsibility to be respectful of religious and cultural differences, while at the same time, true to our mission to evangelize to bring all students to Christ. Global awareness and culturally responsive teachers are necessary for student achievement. Successful teachers need to understand how cultural differences effect student academic growth. In my own school, a young teacher was frustrated with her kindergarten student, a first-generation, Vietnamese-American, who refused to look at her and speak up. Unknown to this teacher was the fact that within this child’s culture, it is considered rude for children to look directly at adults, or even to speak to them when unsure of answers. This lack of knowledge and understanding on the part of the teacher created tension in the classroom and underscored an area for professional development for that teacher, specifically, and perhaps others as well. In using the Framework for Teaching administrators will collaborate with teachers to identify areas for growth in terms of culturally responsive pedagogy. In addition to maximizing student learning, culturally responsive teachers model Catholic social teaching. â€Å"When students know something about each other,Show MoreRelatedMulticultural Education And Counseling Through The Arts Program1355 Words   |  6 PagesHouston since 1977† (â€Å"Homepage-MECA†, 2015). MECA is a community-based non-profit organization committed to the healthy development of underserved youth and adults through arts and cultural programming, academic excellence, support services, and community building (â€Å"Homepage-MECA†, 2015). MECA serves thousands of students and their families each year by providing quality arts education, and support services such as; tutoring, mentoring, and counseling. I chose MECA as my organization because it sharesRead MoreImpact Of Globalisation On Higher Education1388 Words   |  6 Pagessystem which affect cultures and national economic growth. Higher education systems has been transformed by globalisation, which is â€Å"the widening, deepening and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness† (Held et al., 1999, p.14). When examining the impact of globalisation on higher education all over the world, the positive and negative aspects of this phenomenon have been widely mentioned. Some writers argue that globalisation has the destructive effect to the postgraduate system in developing nationsRead MoreStudy Abroad Influences A Student s Life From Personal Growth1244 Words   |  5 PagesSUMMARY The goal of this study is to see how study abroad influences a student s life from personal growth to academia. Personal experience,interviews and questionnaires show the broad benefits that SA trips give benefits which include personal growth, higher academic achievement, personal cultural awareness. Previous articles on this subject have come to similar conclusions and hinted at what more research would conclude. My research reiterated and reinforced the past research but also allowedRead MoreChallenges Of Studies1592 Words   |  7 Pagesabove direct students to seek help when needed, and it is easily displayed that they provide a variety of services to support student success with their acculturative stress. There are counselling services available to talk about the challenges throughout their studies in academics, but also with cultural and social integration in the country. Moreover, academic support services are readily available, in terms of academic advisors to provide usef ul resources and adequately direct the students to discoverRead MoreMulticultural Education Is A Lifetime Learning Development982 Words   |  4 Pagesall students to become well-informed, caring, and active participants in their communities. Edification that is multicultural is comprehensive and considerate of all ethnic, racial and cultural categories and comprises staff, families, students and community. (Oregon Department of Education) According to Ladson-Billings, educators will be more successful if they comprehend five variables, objectives in functioning within a diverse student population: teachers attitudes regarding students, curriculumRead MoreStructural Diversity Within A Community859 Words   |  4 PagesStructural diversity is defined as the holistic diverse demographics of a community, in this case, as it pertains to collegiate institutions. From this, we can examine the racial disparities amongst the academic community. It has been proposed that for many different ethnic communities the implementation of structural diversity has influenced each community in a different way. The influence of structural diversity serves different purposes for European Americans as it does to African Americans, AsianRead MoreTraditional Practices And Other Cultural Beliefs1748 Words   |  7 PagesRandell Jackson Professor Cagnolatti English 103 12 DEC 14 Comparative Analysis Introduction Traditional practices and other cultural beliefs tend to play a key role in ruining people’s dreams. Raised in a society that sticks to its traditions means that one has to fight the battle of cultural norms and requirements of the modern society. Patricia Cardosa brings out issues of family values, racism and social expectations of women in the film ‘Real Women have Curves’. In the film, women are requiredRead MoreThe Growth and Impact of Private Tutoring Essay587 Words   |  3 PagesLykins; â€Å"Confronting the Growth of Shadow Education† (UNESCO Bangkok, 2013), Wei,Zhang states that the growth and the impact about private tutoring. 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Students will develop a cultural identity through the social groups he/she is involved in through race, social class, cultural capitalRead MoreThe Educational Plan For Education837 Words   |  4 Pagesteachers must consider multiple factors that will have an effect on students’ psychological and social development. In addition, the issue of minorities is changing the dynamics of education. While student populations were never really homogeneous, the past couple of decades of exceptional growth in student diversity, plus the widening economic gap among students have produced even larger and increasing academic and cultural differences among students. Often times, diversity is being neglected and even

The Threats Of Increasing Global Warming Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

Global heating, besides referred to as the nursery consequence, is the ageless addition in the mean temperature of the Earth ‘s near-surface and oceans. It has been one of the environment ‘s and worlds ‘ greatest menaces for the last decennary. Its chief menaces are the additions of the mean temperature of the Earth, rises in sea degrees, and climate alteration among others and in the most utmost instance, it could kill all of us along with the terminal of the universe. We will write a custom essay sample on The Threats Of Increasing Global Warming Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the old old ages, emanations of nursery gases in the ambiance were balanced out by those that were of course absorbed.A As a consequence, nursery gases concentrations have been reasonably stable giving a consistent clime and thereby keeping even planetary temperatures. However, with the usage of more and more energy and resources over clip, the Earth can non absorb the extra pollutants any longer and they are hence retained in the ambiance and this causes major jobs as explained below. First, air pollution is one of the chief causes of planetary heating. The latter is caused by human activities affecting the inordinate usage of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, crude oil and natural gas among others, to bring forth electricity, heat our places, power our mills and run our cars.A These fossil fuels contain C which is released when they are burned, they the combine with O to organize C dioxide in the ambiance. Greenhouse gases are besides released ; viz. C dioxide, methane, azotic oxide and fluorocarbons. Carbon dioxide is the most harmful one to the nature since it is the gas with the higher concentration in our planet. Harmonizing to the statistics of the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Centre, there have been a rise in the C dioxide concentration of more than 2 parts per million during the twelvemonth 2001 and 2005[ 1 ]. The extra nursery gases stay in the ambiance and these act as a shield, which reflect all the sunshine energy back to the Earth taking to overh eating. In other words, sunshine is let through the ambiance and the reflected sunshine beams are kept at bay interior. Furthermore, there is the inordinate usage of man-made merchandises which contain Cl, F and C. There is besides methane which is released from landfills and agribusiness, azotic oxide from fertilisers, vehicles and gases used for infrigidation and industrial procedures C dioxide. These destroy our ozone bed, either by diminishing its thickness or by doing holes in it. We can non afford the depletion of the ozone bed, since it protects the Earth and us from high UV radiation. As a consequence of this, extremely energetic solar beams get straight into contact with the Earth, and merely a few of its energy has been absorbed by the ozone bed. Together with the pollutants that are already blocked in the ambiance, this intense energy is trapped in bend indoors as explained above. The Environment Agency reports show that there has been an addition of about 2 Degrees Celsius of in the Earth ‘s mean temperature since 2002[ 2 ] Furthermore, another great cause of planetary heating is deforestation which involves the cutting down trees to supply land infinite for agricultural intents or building intents among others. In proficient footings, the trees absorb C dioxide and release oxygen.A This procedure occurs of course by photosynthesis, which occurs less and less as we cut and burn down trees.A As the copiousness of trees diminutions, less C dioxide can be recycled.A As they are burned down, more C is released into the air, adding to the nursery consequence. In other words, C dioxide is being added to the ambiance at a faster rate than photosynthesis can take the extra gas with deforestation. The research conducted by the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, some 13 million hectares of woods worldwide are lost every twelvemonth and deforestation represents about 30 % of the nursery gases emitted yearly[ 3 ]. This loss is important to climate alteration, because life on Earth is C based ; trees build themselves with the C dioxide that would otherwise heat our ambiance. Forests act as a mammoth sponge, conserving H2O. They shade and moderate temperature, shelter beings from air current and cold, and bring forth nutrient for us.[ 4 ] Coupled with these, there are some other minor causes of the nursery consequence, viz. : cowss rise uping, rice cultivation, heavy dumping in the landfills and H2O, the usage in of pesticides and insect powders that contain toxic chemicals, dust produced from rock crushers, escape in atomic industries and volcanic eruptions among the legion others. As we have seen so far, human existences every bit good as engineering are the chief perpetrators for the bad status of the environment today and we are the lone 1 that can work out it, if non cut down it to let the endurance of the future coevals. The impacts of planetary heating are immense as good and they are really harmful in the long tally. We have already witnessed it and it is acquiring worse. However, there can be a 2nd ice age if the Earth does non warm up at all and this can be regarded as the lone â€Å" benefit † of planetary heating. In the visible radiation of the above, we can reason that planetary heating, which is speed uping, which is a human-created phenomenon that is really unsafe and must be reduced. In brief, planetary heating is the release of nursery gases in the ambiance ensuing into the nursery consequence. They are formed chiefly due human activities that pollute the air, big graduated table cutting down of woods and the usage of CFC merchandises and are doing more nursery gases, particularly C dioxide, to construct up quickly in the ambiance. There is an pressing demand to cut down the emanation of these gases ; the maximal humanly possible. While authoritiess debate for actions, nature Teachs humanity this lesson: Earth is heating up, drastic alterations can happen any clip every bit shortly as a certain threshold is exceeded and it is clip for us, great and strong people, to pay attending and react and neutralise this phenomenon called planetary heating. The quicker we can respond and the more em anation we can forestall, the better it is since the Earth is alone. How to cite The Threats Of Increasing Global Warming Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Evaluation and Application of the Communication Model

Question: Discuss about the Evaluation and Application of the Communication Model. Answer: Introduction Integrated marketing communications is a marketing approach that strives to fuse modern and traditional promotional strategies in order to meet the objective of the marketing campaign and deliver brand awareness and value to the stakeholders. As defined by American Marketing Association, IMC is a planning process designed to assure that all brand contacts received by a customer or prospect for a product, service, or organization are relevant to that person and consistent over time(Association, n.d.). And in my opinion without IMC its impossible to survive or sustain in this rapidly changing market. Because technology is changing day by day, new innovations are coming in day by day, to keep up with all of this a manager or a sales executive must be proactive and adapt IMC, which will definitely help hem be aware about the current trends in the market and, which will also help to make the communication of the brand message a lot more easier. Back in the 50's, advertising effort depended vigorously on print, radio, and TV. It didn't take much to keep these adjusted. Be that as it may, now with computerized media, we have everything from bulletins to online networking effort(ELIASON, 2014). Meat and Livestock Australia, an industry showcasing board that has run a battle urging Australians to eat sheep on Australia Day for a long time has the capacity of a completely coordinated advertising interchanges crusade to increase a brand's message has been shown on numerous occasions(Simple., n.d.). Meat and Livestock Australia gives administrations to its proprietors - Australia's domesticated animals makers - and offers backing to the cows, sheep and goat enterprises in key arranging. The organization additionally gives administrations to other industry parts, for example, meat processors and live creature exporters (govenment, n.d.) Analysis of IMC for Meat and Livestock Australia The reason why IMC is associated with the term strategic is because it carefully plans and executes actions in order to achieve core objectives like maintaining long term relationships with key stakeholders and positioning the brand in the way it desires to. IMC can be better understood by looking at the marketing campaigns of the Australian non-profit organization Meat and Livestock Australia(MLA). MLA is the marketing, research and development organization for Australias livestock and red meat industry. (Beef Campaign, n.d.) It is best known for its entertaining advertisements which people claim to be so bad that it is actually good. MLA are working on 3 major campaigns: Beef campaign, Lamb campaign and Nutrition campaign. Under these campaigns, falls several interesting, funny and controversial campaigns like "You're Better on Beef", Australia Day 2016, Spring Lamb 2015, Dinner Three Ways and so on. MLAs IMC campaigns can be evaluated on the grounds of following elements: Clear message: The messages delivered by MLA to its present and potential customers are clear with a hint of wittiness. The words are carefully arranged to deliver a meaningful message, keeping the humor intact. They use catchy phrases for their campaigns like Autumn Roast, You are Never Lamb Alone, Spring Lamb where the words Roast and Lamb clearly shows that they are trying to create product awareness. Advertising and marketing: MLAs main advertising and marketing strategy is to grab the attention of people and create brand awareness. They are using different channels of marketing such as internet with their viral videos or one hour television special, The Australia Day Showdown You Can Never Be Too Australian(Simple., n.d.) and are making their advertisements as entertaining as possible. One of MLAs advertisement has also won TV Ad of the Year at the annual Mumbrella media awards with a popular vote of 41,000. Public relations: Public relations is an approach to marketing and promotion. It might include pitching stories in the media or creating a stir. When it comes to stirring controversy, MLA knows how it is done. The commercial Operation Boomerang, according to Advertising Standards Bureau is the most complained about ads for 2016 yet it is also MLAs highest viewed ad so far(Bennett, 2016) . Sam Kekovich advocating to eat lamb in Australia Day 2005 in order to prevent being un-Australian was too quite a controversial commercial. Kekovich's "mishap", the Lambnesia battle and test were advanced on TV and radio secret clasps and specifies, in social channels, advertising and earned media notice, with in-store materials additionally gave to butchers. Sales/promotion: MLA are promoting themselves rigorously through cultural symbols like being an Australian. In an advertisement during Australia Day, Sam Kekovich sang to 90s pop hit Barbie Girl to present a message that popular culture has led un- Australianism to go viral. Kekovich's location point by point his own brush with Lambnesia, and how it had made him make the National Lambnesia Test an online test intended to individuals ascertain how unAustralian they were. Finished right around 300,000 times, the test at last expanded sheep buys by guiding individuals to customized sheep formulas. They are utilizing various platforms and channels such as Facebook, twitter, Instagram, radio, television etc. to market themselves and make their brand message clear to their audience by adding their own style of humor to it so that attention ca be grabbed. They know it best that anything that is controversial tends to viral these days, so they promote their brand by catching on to controver sial topics such as vegans the un- Australian thing etc. Consistency: One can expect a humorous, sarcastic and even cringe worthy videos from MLA at least around the Australia Day every year. Also, they are consistently delivering the same message through various traditional as well as modern channel of communication. Keeping up consistency helps you to oversee observation, it passes on your viewpoint and states of mind, it takes out issues encompassing brand perplexity, it ensures your speculation lastly it expands upon past triumphs(Marketing N. , n.d.). Measurability: The return from marketing campaigns must be quantifiable. One instance of return being measurable is MLAs finding that return for $1 spent on Australia Day 2016 was $2.89 and their sales increased by 36.9%. By using IMC rather than traditional media channels, it found that the campaign had a 5.4 million combined view. MLA is currently dealing with the IMC campaign "You're Better on Beef" since March 2016. This campaign encourage women to consume beef and foster its intake in their families as well. This specific campaign means to address the issue of one in three ladies not getting enough iron in their eating routine by showing how the right eating regimen can give individuals the vitality they have to vanquish their fears(Ward, 2015). Australian women have lot of responsibilities and MLA is trying to convince them to eat beef as it would be a great source to extract the energy needed to fulfill these responsibilities. Like previous years, this year too, the campaign is trying to portray beef as an integral part of our diet, fueling us with nutrition required to face the challenges the world throws on us. This campaign is an integral part of IMC because of the following reasons: 1. It has a target audience i.e. the modern women who have to play dual role of bread earner as well as nurturer of the family. 2. Extensive promotion is done for this campaign by merging traditional as well as contemporary channels like: Targeted outdoor advertising TV commercials Digital channels example YouTube Mobile and Social media National radio Editorial, advertorial and podcast content In store advertising at independent retailers. (Beef Campaign, n.d.) Consistency is maintained in this campaign. The witty campaign name, comical video commercial, the narration and feel of the advertisement supports and further strengthens the idea that is set in our mind regarding the organization. The message is comprehensible, consistent and captivating. No difficult phrases, words or symbols have been used and the narrator straight forwardly asks the audience to consume beef. Moreover, the message remains consistent over all channels and it evokes a curiosity, which further generates interest in the audience. In the end, the appeal to consume beef is reinforced by mentioning the benefits extracted from beef. MLA has integrated their messages, channels and present and past campaign in such a way that it assists their core objective i.e. to hike demand for beef. For this, they have conducted a video campaign, radio campaign, The Beef Brigade (a community engagement program that motivates regional towns to tell why their community is better on beef and the local projects that are needed to make their community excel at it), "You're Better on Beef" - Iron Campaign (recipe dispensing panels placed close to retailers and butchers at shopping centers), "You're Better on Beef" - Winter Campaign (TV commercial and shopping center posters advocating the importance of eating beef ). At the end of the day, the purpose of all these campaigns conducted through various channels and in various ways conveys one message and has only one purpose: allure people to eat beef to increase its sales. It has also tried to attach emotionally with its target markets, through you are better off beef campaign by bringing emotional stories of the woman players of Australia and creating an emotional marketing with its consumers. Importance of Communication and IMC Communication is a process of expressing and exchanging information via words, sounds, signs, or behaviors. It is a very important act we perform every day in order to understand and make ourselves understood. According to Adler and Towne (1978), everything that has and will be accomplished by human beings involves communication with others (Towne, 1978). Like in our lives, communication holds a great significance in IMC as well. Some of the importance of communication in IMC are as follows: Makes existence of IMC possible: Just like the phrase Integrated Marketing Communication cannot exist without the word communication, similarly it is impossible for IMC to function without communication. Employees of all level have to communicate with customers through different channels in order to make IMC possible. To maintain Consistency: IMC is all about assuring stakeholders are presented with consistent messages every time they come across any component of the campaign. For this, there has to be effective communication between teams and stakeholders To keep stakeholders up to date about key issues, which is crucial in IMC To test the effectiveness of IMC by studying the feedback and reactions of current and potential customers, employees, and channel members of all levels and channels. Evaluating organization using Communication model Among the two communication models, the communication model of MLA can be evaluated on the basis of Basic model of communication. In basic model of communication, MLA is the source i.e. the body that generates information. MLA produces information and arranges the information carefully in order to create a message. Messages can be encoded as brand messages, slogans, advertisements, PR releases, coupons, signage, and customer service and so on. Then, the encoded message is transmitted through communication channels like TV commercials, digital channels such as YouTube, mobile and social media, national radio, targeted outdoor advertising, editorial, advertorial and podcast content and in store advertising across key major and independent retailers. Media channel or communication channels bridges companies with their stakeholders. Word of mouth is the most effective channel of communication. The receiver, who can be customer, potential customer, supplier, competitor or any other stakeholder of MLA, then decodes the message by interpreting the meaning of the message. For example, after the Youre Better on Beef campaign, people will decode the message that beef is good for health and it must be incorporated more in our diet. After this process, the receiver gives a feedback through immediate, delayed or no response at all by either buying beef, not buying beef, clearing doubts by asking questions or commenting on the quality of the beef. However, problem lies when sender cannot encode and receiver cannot decode the message correct. The overall object of sending a message will not be fulfilled if this happens. This is the reason why IMC focuses on clear and consistent message so that receives can extract a proper conclusion from the message. Customer-orientated marketing communication model by Duncan In Customer Initiated Marketing Model,businesses arevery much cutomer centric and will constanly seek for feebacks or sggetions from the customers so as how to communicate with them. It's diverse to the traditional one-way promoting approach where, the client is the beneficiary of the brand message. Clients pick what correspondence channels to utilize, for example, messages, association's site, or through a call focus. The correspondences from the clients could be protests, enquiries about new items or administrations or whatever other brand related substance. Entrepreneurs have two fundamental options when promoting their items. To begin with, they can make items and after that discover approaches to produce request among consumers, the second choice is to distinguish client needs and afterward make items that address those issues(Mack, n.d.) MLA provides a touch point with their targeted markets. Touchpoints can be decoded as a powerful activity started by a correspondence, a human contact or a physical or tangible communication. Each touchpoint is a message that truly "touches" a client somehow(Uhlig, n.d.). When a company such as MLA creates a whole new level of customer experience, and nurtures and cares for them customers fell worthy somehow and they tend to become loyal to that specific brand. For MLA its the quality meat service and structured way to cater its target market. Brand touch points are additionally the channel points, where clients come into immediate or roundabout contact with the brand and they educate that particular brand what they anticipate from it and what they will pay for. There is a professional team for MLA working on the whole evaluation process of market, trying to know their target markets needs and demand and trying to expand their experience via improvements in their service(Australia, E valuation, n.d.). Moving target market to a specific response: AIDA model Attention (or Attract), interest, desire, action, these are the four stages you have to take your gathering of people through in the event that you need them to purchase your item or visit your site, or without a doubt to accept the messages in your report(Team, n.d.). This campaign moves the target market to a specific response using Innovation adoption model by the following process: Awareness: In this stage, the individual is mindful that the product exists. However he/she is unaware about particular features of the product. This subconscious recognition is usually created by society through implied actions. Interest: This is the stage where individual seeks for more information about the product. They might search for information knowingly or unknowingly through sources like internet, advertisements, product reviews, personal interaction etc. Evaluation: During this stage, the individual will try to find out if the product will create any value in the individuals life. He/she will try to figure out how the product will reduce their effort and is the product worth trying at least once? Trial: The person finally tests the product to check if the experience matches with the expectation or not. They usually try experimenting will only a small quantity. Samples, sachets come handy in this stage. Adoption: Once the individual is satisfied with the experience provided by small amount of the product, they will ultimately choose the product. They will start promoting the product through word of mouth and will advise their closed ones to adopt the product.(Gayle, n.d.) Recommendation Organizations must be careful regarding the communication media they choose. It must be able to deliver a clear and consistent information to its customers. For this, the encoding and decoding process must be planned carefully. To developing an integrated marketing communications plan, organizations must analyze its three Cs: customers, competitors, and communications. It would be better for companies to keep their communication model in mind to create effective communication with the customers and other stakeholders. And to add on to communication, MLA has done a commendable job in its witty marketing advertisements, but there is a saying that too much of sugar is not good. So, MLA must try to experiment their Ad campaigns and try not to bring only humors but also some kind of emotional attachments with their targeted customers. Conclusion Hence, with all the findings and knowledge obtained, we can conclude that IMC is very important for niche marketing. As, I mentioned earlier, it is very difficult to sustain in this ear if IMC is not adapted by todays company.it plays a huge role in delivering the correct brand message of a particular brand to its targeted customers so that right brand perception can be set, this enables the customers to know what to expect form that particular brand. IMC also makes it easier to perform mass marketing now days as it uses various channels or promotion mix as direct selling, personal selling, social media marketing etc., it even makes possible to target globally as there not much effort needed to flow information now days thanks to the invention of internet, which could ultimately bring ore profitability to that specific organization. These companies are using this model to make sure their campaigns and marketing efforts reach all target audience at all touch points. References Association, A. M. (n.d.). Integrated Marketing Communications. Retrieved from AMA: https://www.ama.org/events-training/Training/Pages/2014-ts-Integrated-Marketing-Communications-chicago.aspx Australia, M. a. (n.d.). Evaluation. Retrieved from MLA: https://www.mla.com.au/about-mla/Planning-reporting/evaluation/ Australia, M. a. (n.d.). Investing in red meat's future. Retrieved from MLA: https://www.mla.com.au/ Beef Campaign. (n.d.). Retrieved from MLA: https://www.mla.com.au/about-mla/ Bennett, L. (2016, July 07). Retrieved from AdNews: https://www.adnews.com.au/news/ad-watchdog-s-top-list-of-most-complained-about-ads ELIASON, K. (2014, December 23). Its Raining Marketing: The Importance of Integrated Marketing Communications. Retrieved from Portent: https://www.portent.com/blog/internet-marketing/raining-marketing-importance-integrated-marketing-communications.htm Gayle, R. (n.d.). Retrieved from SpreadingScience: https://www.spreadingscience.com/our-approach/diffusion-of-innovations-in-a-community/3-the-5-steps-to-adopting-an-innovation/ govenment, A. (n.d.). Meat and livestock Australia. Retrieved from Australia.gov: https://www.australia.gov.au/directories/australia/meatandlivestock Lutz, D. (n.d.). 8 Key Points to Effective Integrated Marketing Communications. Retrieved from https://hotelexecutive.com/business_review/744/8-key-points-to-effective-integrated-marketing-communications Mack, S. (n.d.). Customer-Oriented Marketing Strategy. Retrieved from Small Business: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/customeroriented-marketing-strategy-65737.html Marketing, M. (n.d.). Integrated Marketing Communications. Retrieved from Multimedia Marketing: https://multimediamarketing.com/mkc/marketingcommunications/ Marketing, N. (n.d.). The Difference Between a Good Brand and a Great Brand? Consistency. Retrieved from Northstarmarketing: https://www.northstarmarketing.com/2015/05/07/the-difference-between-a-good-brand-and-a-great-brand-consistency/ Olenski, S. (2013, 09 16). Why Integrated Marketing Communications Is More Important Than Ever. Retrieved from Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveolenski/2013/09/16/why-integrated-marketing-communications-is-more-important-than-ever/#468270082325 Simple. (n.d.). Integrated Marketing Case Study: Meat Livestock Australia Day Lamb. Retrieved from Simplehq: https://simplehq.co/integrated-marketing/imc-lamb-case-study/ Team, M. T. (n.d.). AIDA: Attention-Interest-Desire-Action. Retrieved from Mindtools: https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/AIDA.htm Towne, A. (1978). Uhlig, D. K. (n.d.). What Is Touchpoint Marketing? Retrieved from SmallBusiness: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/touchpoint-marketing-34078.html Ward, M. (2015, December 9). Women urged to eat more beef in new Meat Livestock Australia content campaign. Retrieved from Mumbrella: https://mumbrella.com.au/women-the-target-of-new-beef-push-by-meat-livestock-australia-with-content-campaign-334530 Linton, I. (n.d.). Small Business. Chron: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/importance-integrated-marketing-communications-73248.html Marketing MO. How to design an integrated marketing campaign. https://www.marketingmo.com/how-to-articles/how-to-design-an-integrated-marketing-campaign/ Cappella, J. (1991). Book Reviews: Theories of Human Communication. Communication Theory. v1.2. May, 1991, p. 165-171.

Can be Contemporary Computing seen as an Assemblage

Question: Explain! Can be contemporary computing seen as an Assemblage. Answer: Introduction Actor-Network theory can be defined as the research that is developing in the field of science studies which bargains as the items being a piece of the informal organization. Regardless of the way that it is best known for its argumentative accentuation on the utmost of nonhumans to act or join in structures or frameworks or both, is moreover associated with convincing researches of normal and essential human science. Subterranean insect is consistently joined with the identical treatment of human and non-human on-screen characters. It acknowledges that all substances in a framework can and should be depicted in the same terms (Maple, 2012). Background of the Topic This section is divided into two consisting of different stories that depict the concept of contemporary computing can be seen as an assemblage and in relation to discusses the concept of Actor-Network theory. This theory serves to depict how actors structure organizations together and utilize non-human actors to reinforce such organizations together and to secure their interests (Arutyunov, 2012). Cloud Computing In this section, case study methodology is used to examine the cloud computing as modern computing and discussed in accordance to the actor-network theory. In this case an example of a leading online seller Amazon is taken into account which adapted cloud services into their business according to the Actor-Network theory. The main objective of adapting cloud services by Amazon was to offer its partners with web services. In the wake of creating different sorts of administrations, Amazon reinforces the entire aggressiveness of production network operation effectiveness with her accomplices. Cloud computing administrations are enhanced from their interior IT, initially boost their business process. At that point, Amazon enlists their ecommerce partners embracing their web administrations, and at that point cloud administrations inserted in their daily business process. Amazon reinforces their business values through the partners systems shaped by IT and cloud services. Thus according t o Actor-Network theory it can be said that the cloud services adapted by Amazon acts as actants in the society. And the ecommerce partners can be said as the actors acting in the society (Bansal, 2013). Cloud computing administrations are developed from their inner IT, initially boosting their business process. At that point, Amazon enlists their ecommerce partners embracing their web administrations, and at that point cloud services. For case, Amazon enlists her online store accomplices into the actor-network what's more, balances out system by inserting production network forms into their innovation. Amazons online store accomplices are difficult to sell out in light of bolted operation procedures in distributed computing innovation and administrations as well as services inserted in their daily business process. Amazon fortifies their business values through the partners systems framed by IT and cloud administrations. On the basis of Actor-Network theory, it is said that the human are the actants and non-humans i.e. cloud services in this aspect can be referred to as actors in the network. Actornetwork hypothesis demands the limit of nonhumans to be performers or members in syste ms and framework. Despite of the conflicts in this theory, it can be assessed that actors means non-humans plays an important role in this society to develop the network. The modern computing technology has involved itself totally into the modern society and thereby increasing the efficiency of the daily process in the business. Thus from this research it can be concluded that in this world of modern computing, actants are an important aspect for development of the network in the society (Gander and Wanner, 2012). Computer Games The evolution in the world of gaming can be denoted as modern computing technology which is having an adverse effect on the society. According to ANT (Actor-Network Theory), the computer games can be identified as actors and it plays an important role in the network. This section is to depict computer games as actors in the network that produce encounters 1by practicing control over the client's capacities, for instance their intellectual capacities. Utilizing PC programming more often infers that the client is the dynamic part who controls the association by data and direct control. Association with PC games is an alternate affair in light of the fact that the client demonstrates in an amusement world where the substance of the amusement has broad impact on the gamers conduct. In this context, we are going to demonstrate how games can be seen as actors and as coordinators of actors and activities on the basis of Actor Network Theory (Hajibaba and Gorgin, 2014). The primary thought of this theory is that moves dependably make place in cooperation between actors in systems when performing actors impact one another and battle for force. We more often than not see social cooperation between people along these lines, on the other hand, ANT contrasts from conventional social hypothesis by expressing that the performing artists are people as well as can be different components too. According to this theory, all components including humans and non-humans are to be considered as a part of the system. On the off chance that you need to play the amusement, human and non-human, specialized and non-specialized components are a piece of the system, and none of the components are per definition allowed uncommon control over the others. The games are acting as actors in the society which helps in the development of the humans in this modern world Sayes, E. (2014). Conclusion The concept of modern computing has evolved over the few years and almost fully developed an attachment in our society Farias, I., Bender, T. (Eds.). (2012). In this article, it has been discussed about the cloud computing quality and future innovation/administration improvement through ANT hypothesis. We contend that distributed computing qualities created through systems administration of IT, administrations, associations and their hobbies. In short, cloud computing is acting as actants in the society. In regards to computer games it can be described that the games are actors in the society which helps to develop the network in the society. Thus it can be concluded that despite of the conflicts of non-humans capability in the network it plays an important role to in the development of the network in the society (Tari, 2014). References List An introduction to modern mathematical computing: with Maple. (2012).Choice Reviews Online, 49(05), pp.49-2709-49-2709. Arutyunov, V. (2012). Cloud computing: Its history of development, modern state, and future considerations.Scientific and Technical Information Processing, 39(3), pp.173-178. Bansal, N. (2013). Cloud computing technology (with BPOS and Windows Azure).International Journal of Cloud Computing, 2(1), p.48. Gander, M. and Wanner, G. (2012). From Euler, Ritz, and Galerkin to Modern Computing.SIAM Rev., 54(4), pp.627-666. Hajibaba, M. and Gorgin, S. (2014). A Review on Modern Distributed Computing Paradigms: Cloud Computing, Jungle Computing and Fog Computing.Journal of Computing and Information Technology, 22(2), p.69. Tari, Z. (2014). Security and Privacy in Cloud Computing.IEEE Cloud Comput., 1(1), pp.54-57. Sayes, E. (2014). ActorNetwork Theory and methodology: Just what does it mean to say that nonhumans have agency?.Social Studies of Science,44(1), 134-149. Farias, I., Bender, T. (Eds.). (2012).Urban assemblages: How actor-network theory changes urban studies. Routledge.

Network implementation infrastructure for GAI adve Essays

Network implementation infrastructure for GAI advertising firm Author's name Institution Course Date Abstract The sole purpose of this paper is to show the network implementation infrastructure for GAI advertising firm in its two newly established sites at New York and Los Angeles. The paper will highlight the advantages of using windows server 2012 in order to meet the firm's objectives in networking. Introduction It is beneficial to have a review of the overall network infrastructure at GAI advertising firm and show the advantages of using the windows server network infrastructure. To this date many organizations have had issues with their general network security which leads to huge losses when hackers or ill minded people get loopholes into an organizations network and maliciously access unauthorized data. I will use the windows network infrastructure in order to block this loopholes and also enhance the security of the organization in reference to data security (krenn,2012). I am not only talking about preventing 0network hackers but show the need for data security between users. Introduction of a secure tunnel with the use of IPSec will help a secure transmission of inter site traffic between the two sites and in turn secure the data transmitted. This will make sure that transmission of data will only engage the authorized persons only. With the use of a proxy over the network and admin g enerated IPS will make it harder for unauthorized persons to access the network. All this are benefits that comes with windows network infrastructure that I will display in this paper. There is need to have more than one servers located at the different sites with a local IP for easier access. This will make sure that one server is not loaded with all the data which reduces the risk of data loss in case of failure (krenn, 2012). By this I mean, there will be a requirement of having two servers one to handle the emails and the other to handle the general data of the company. The two servers will be password and IP protected to make sure that only the IT administrator can access. Windows server 2012. The roll out of windows server 2012 in the firm will be a big boost to the data security and also productivity of the firm. This is because despite of its simplicity in usage it brings with it various features that will be very beneficial. These features include: - Graphical User Interface (GUI) Having being created using the Metro design language, Windows Server 2012 has an eye-catching look and feel. This is because it can be installed in two cores namely Server core that has a well-designed Interface with limited options and the Server with GUI options that offers the options without reinstallation. Windows Server 2012 allows the switch between both cores using the administrator privilege (Technet, RODS', 2012). Address Management. The best thing with Windows Server 2012 is that it offers an IP address management(IPAM) that has a role of management of network's IP address space, monitoring, auditing, and discovering new addresses within the system. Hyper-V This feature offers scalability, virtual extensibility switch that make it possible to virtually extend the network functionality which was either difficult or impossible in the earlier versions. Active Directory There have been numerous changes in the server. It has been made possible for the PowerShell-based deployed wizard to work remotely thus making it possible for administrators to promote cloud based servers to domain controllers without having the wizard to run on the server itself. This will allow the administrator to remotely sort out server related issues remotely within any computer on the network. File system There have been additional of Refs(Resilient File System) for file servers that allows logging and being able to detect errors within the network. Storage migration The Windows Server 2012 allows the live storage migration thus its not necessary to use virtual machines while migrating storage. Clustering The server will allow cluster aware updating that will allow the whole cluster to stay online while the update is in progress. Deployment and Server Editions. I will implement the use of two servers that will be used in managing the company. Email Server. There is need to secure the email communication within the firm. This will call for the use of an Email server that will make

Africa Essays (561 words) - Geography Of Africa,

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest continent, the biggest after Asia. It is more than three times the size of the U. States. It also contains more independent nations than any other continent on Earth-55 in all. Africa is centrally located on the Earth's surface. It straddles the Equator, extending for thousands of miles north and sough of that line. The continent stands between two major oceans. To the west is the Atlantic Ocean and to the east lies the Indian Ocean. The Mediterranean Sea in the north and the Red Sea in the northeast also border Africa. I have 10 different opion on the most common stereotypes about Africa. For the Climate of Africa they said it is hot and dry, for most vegetation they said grassy lands, for most common animal in Africa people said monkeys, African common skin color black, Africans do for living they said herding and farming, types of family Africans live in extended, most common religion in Africa are catholic, common language spoken in Africa is English, civilization white people, government of African countries are democratic, and the biggest problem in Africa today is hunger. These are the results of my survey I have received. CLIMATE: Because of its size, almost every type of climate and vegetation can be found in Africa. The largest climate zone in Africa is the tropical climate with a wet and dry season. The savanna, a grassland, occupied this region, which covers almost half the continent. Like the tropical rain forest, the tropical savanna region is warm all year. In the summer, or rainy season, the climate is hot and wet. In winter it is warm, with little or sometimes no rainfall. POPULATION: Today the population of Africa is approaching 680 million and is growing rapidly. Population growth has created problems in the drier parts of the savanna. During times of plentiful rainfall, people seeking land move into these semiarid areas. They usually chop down trees to clear farmland and to use for fuel and heating. DESERT: Deserts cover about 40 percent of Africa. This include the Sahara in the north and the Namibia deserts in the south. LANGUAGE: Africa's speak many languages. Africans speak more than 1,000 deferent languages. The different languages that are spoken groups live within a few miles of one another. Southern Africa speak languages of the Nigercongo family. In East Africa, Arabs from the Middle East traded with local African people, some Arabic words blended into the basic Bantu languages of East Africa. CIVILIZATION: The earliest civilization in Africa developed in the Nile Valley of Egypt about 7,000 years ago. Fertile soil and plentiful wildlife allowed people to farm and hunt, as the people perfected their farming skills, they produced more food, allowing the population to grow. RELIGION & GOVERNMENT: Belief in life after death was central to Egyptian religion. Rich nobles prepared carefully for the journey..... They built huge pyramids, tombs, and filled them with food, clothing, and jewels that they would need in the afterlife. To the Egyptians, the pharaoh was a god, descended from Amon-Re. The pharaoh had total power over the lives of the people. Priests and nobles helped the pharaoh run the government. Most of the people had some idea of African life. Some where right some where wrong about Africa. The most interesting thing about Africa I learned is how they live in the straw houses. It is really hard to live in a straw house, cause u never know when it's going to be gone. History Essays

Quotes from Poets About Death

Quotes from Poets About Death Its difficult to know what to say when trying to comfort someone who has suffered the loss of a loved one. But death is part of the human condition, and there is no shortage of literature about death and dying. Sometimes it takes a poet to give us perspective on the meanings of life and death. Here are some famous, and hopefully comforting, quotes about death from poets and writers that would be appropriate when offering condolences. William Shakespeare Quotes About Death And, when he shall die, Take him and cut him out in little stars, And he will make the face of Heaven so fine That all the world will be in love with night And pay no worship to the garish sun.- From Romeo and Juliet Loves not Times fool, though rosy lips and cheeksWithin his bending sickles compass come;Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks,But bears it out even to the edge of doom.-    From Sonnet 116 Cowards die many times before their deaths; the valiant never taste of death but once.- From Julius Caesar To die, to sleepTo sleep: perchance to dream: ay, theres the rubFor in that sleep of death what dreams may comeWhen we have shuffled off this mortal coil,Must give us pause: theres the respectThat makes calamity of so long life. - From Hamlet Quotes About Death from Other Poets Be near me when my light is low... And all the wheels of being slow. -   Ã‚   Alfred Lord Tennyson Because I could not stop for death, He kindly stopped for me; The carriage held but just ourselves and immortality.-    Emily Dickinson Death comes to all. But great achievements build a monument which shall endure until the sun grows cold. -    George Fabricius Death gives us sleep, eternal youth, and immortality.-   Jean Paul Richter Death is a commingling of eternity with time; in the death of a good man, eternity is seen looking through time.-   Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe He who has gone, so we but cherish his memory, abides with us, more potent, nay, more present than the living man.-   Antoine de Saint Éxupà ©ry Do not stand at my grave and weep.I am not there; I do not sleep.I am a thousand winds that blow.I am the diamond glints on snow.I am the sunlight on ripened grain.I am the gentle autumn rain. When you awaken in the mornings hushI am the swift uplifting rushOf quiet birds in circled flight.I am the soft stars that shine at night.Do not stand at my grave and cry;I am not there; I did not die.- Mary Elizabeth Frye Where you used to be, there is a hole in the world, which I find myself constantly walking around in the daytime, and falling in at night.-   Edna St. Vincent Millay Though lovers are lost, love shall not. And death shall have no dominion.  - Dylan Thomas

Versailles Effect on Germany essays

Versailles Effect on Germany essays The Treaty of Versailles: Prelude to WWII The Treaty of Versailles was not a justified treaty, which created German feelings of revenge and dislike towards the victorious countries. This feeling of revenge felt by Germany, in addition with the social atmosphere of Europe, led to a Second World War in the September of 1939, just 11 years after the first World War. People at the time published reports on the unfairness of the treaty. America never ratified the treaty but Britain and France still enforced it. Germany had no choice but to sign the unfair document and it was only a matter of time before things turned for the worse. We must examine the background, clauses, and effects of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany and Europe to understand how it helped cause WWII. Then, when you look at the situation the treaty created for Europe, we can see how WWII came about. The war had left Europe in shambles. WWI ended on November 11, 1918, leaving millions of European soldiers dead and injured. Large areas of Belgium and France had been devastated and two of Europes most powerful countries, Germany and Austria-Hungary, were defeated and exhausted. All the European countries were now bankrupt from the cost of waging a war for four years. Germany had not been defeated, but knew that if it continued to fight war against the strong American army, defeat in Berlin would result. Because Germany had surrendered, her only option was to either sign the treaty, or else go back to war again, which would inevitably result in defeat. The Treaty was unexpectedly harsh, though, despite the fact Germany hadnt been defeated, she had merely surrendered. Germany was forced to agree that it was guilty of starting the war. This clause was the most insulting and damaging clause for it blatantly and wrongly accused Germany of being the sole cause of war, and this enabled the other clauses to be severe as she was now to pay for the whole of WWI....

Wound vs. Injury

Wound vs. Injury Wound vs. Injury Wound vs. Injury By Maeve Maddox A reader questions the media’s use of injury and wound as if they were interchangeable: I had always thought that to wound describes the deliberate infliction of an injury, while the injury itself could be the result of an accident.   If this is still the case, could you address the confusion. In modern usage, the noun wound [WOOND] refers to any injury that tears the flesh. The verb to wound [WOOND], however, retains its earliest meaning: â€Å"to inflict a deliberate injury that tears the flesh.† For example, a police officer who is shot or stabbed by a perpetrator has been wounded. A fireman who suffers lacerations from being struck by falling debris has been injured. Both the officer and the firefighter have wounds on their bodies, but only the officer was wounded. Likewise, soldiers are wounded by roadside bombs, but construction workers are injured in accidents. The difference is that the wounds suffered by the soldiers are the result of malicious intent, whereas the construction workers received their wounds as the result of accident. In addition to their literal meanings, both noun and verb have acquired figurative uses. For example, an insult may be said to wound the recipient. I am very sorry if I wounded your feelings this afternoon; it was wholly unintentional, I assure you. Narcissism usually starts with a significant emotional wound or a series of them culminating in a major trauma of separation/attachment.   The verb wound, documented in English from 760, predates the noun wound by about 150 years. The earliest documentation of the noun injury is from 1382. In the 15th century, injury was used both as a noun and as a verb, but by the end of the 17th century, the verb form injure had become established. The earliest meaning of the noun injury is â€Å"hurt or loss caused to or sustained by a person or thing.† Synonyms for this type of injury are harm, detriment, and damage. The verb that developed from injury meant, â€Å"to do injustice or wrong to a person.† Only later did the idea of bodily harm become as closely associated with the words injury and injure as it is now. The word wound carries an emotional connotation that injury and injure lack. A false report might injure a person’s career, but wound a person’s feelings. Injure is more or less emotionally neutral, but wound suggests strong emotions of distress or anguish. The following words are options for describing wound in the sense of a break in the flesh: lesion cut gash laceration tear slash graze scratch abrasion bruise contusion The following words are options for wound in the context of emotional injury: insult blow slight offense affront hurt damage pain distress grief anguish torment Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Addressing A Letter to Two People15 Great Word GamesPlurals of Proper Names

Corporate accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Corporate accounting - Assignment Example CSL Behring has its operations spread over several countries like Australia, US, Germany and Switzerland. The company has around 10000 employees spread across 27 countries all over the world. BioCSL carries out operation from Melbourne and caters medical solutions to customers all over the world. The group accounts also reveal that CSL Limited carries out research and development to support its global operations. CSL Behring carries out activities of developing and marketing blood plasma derivative and recombined medical solution, bio-therapies for its customers all over the globe. The bio-therapies of the company provides solutions in developing immune systems against diseases like haemophilia, hereditary syndromes, von Willebrand, angioedema etc. The therapy solution developed by the companies also used for treating heart diseases, burns and shocks, transplantation of organs and also for treatment of newly born babies. BioCSL is another subsidiary that carries out the function of developing anti-influenza vaccines, anti-venom and diagnostic reagents to the global markets like Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, Asia-Pacific, etc. The research and development wing of the company is dedicated to support the bio-pharmaceutical business by developing protein-based medicines which are sold in licensed versions. The company is focussed on developing the existing products as well as developing break-t hrough solutions through use of DNA technologies. The research and development wing is also looking at improving their capabilities in the area of haemophilia, blood coagulation, etc. The non-controlling interests of CSL Limited could be understood from the following table as given below. The percentage of shareholding of the company by the various shareholders has been given in the following table. The percentage of shareholdings of the shareholders has been depicted in descending form. Since CSL

WHAT HAVE I LEARNED ABOUT PHILOSOPHY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

WHAT HAVE I LEARNED ABOUT PHILOSOPHY - Essay Example Philosophy has been in existence with the coming of the first human being, and was present even before the ancient civilisations of Greece, China, India Egypt, and Mesopotamia had come into being. It started when the first man questioned ‘what is life?’, and slowly took a definite shape, as this questioning initially entered the realms of religious traditions and mythical aspects; then evolved further to become abstract in nature (initially wisdom was more religion oriented, and the philosophers/high priests were held in high esteem, thought to be in direct connotation with the Supreme Being, and thus not questioned by the common people, out of fear and reverence). Later, came the more secular thinkers (that is, philosophy which is not anti-religious in nature; but merely independent of religion), in and around 6th BC, that based their questions on reason and observation, rather than religion and tradition. It was then that philosophy took on a more humanistic form and a ppeal, and came down from the abode of the high priests and the Almighty God, to touch the lives of all the common people. These secular thinkers were thus the first true philosophers, the first seekers of true wisdom. Thus we can say that philosophy in its early form can be said to be a sort of inquiry that was secular in nature, and based on reason and logic. Some of the early well known thinkers were Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, sages from the ancient Hindu philosophy, and Buddha. Middle-ages philosophy saw the replacement of religion by science, and soon two branches of philosophy came into existence which soon separated from the mainstream philosophy; mathematics and science (referred to as the ‘natural philosophy’ till the late nineteenth century). Modern day philosophy deals with questions that fall beyond the scope of these two branches of sciences and cannot be solved by them. Well known philosophers from the middle ages

Heterosexism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Heterosexism - Essay Example A cursory analysis of available costumes illustrated that twenty two costumers were propagating hyper heterosexism. They were even segregated into sections named as ‘Male’ and ‘Female’ costumers. There were also unisex costumes like burglar costume or angel costume. However, it was evident that majority of these costumes encouraged heterosexual partnerships. This costume based stratification can be explained with the help of feminist sociology theories that support existence of a social order and values related to it that are meant to be followed by individuals in order to demonstrate their participation in a gender-based group participation (Ingraham 209). There were eight costumes that could have been seen as being suitable for same-sex partnerships. These costumes included Scottish outfits, Mario costumes, wrestler costumes, and other revealing warrior costumes. The store also had a male personification of Adam and Eve costume which was clearly supporting same sex relationship. This study helped in understanding that there was a rather limited choice for customers who do not wish to propagate hetero-normative gendered constructs. The store had a collection of object-based inanimate costumes such as Cupcakes, Robotic characters, Banners and other similar costumes that were equally famous in male and female customers, according to the store owner. These costumes are delivering clear messages about heterosexual relationships. The costumes meant for female customers included Ballerina dresses, Disney movie characters and others clearly having a feminine outlook. On the other hand, costumes meant for boys had moderate to strong masculinity attached to them as they were reflecting a degree of physical violence and aggression. When asked about a Tuxedo hanging in the Halloween section, store manager responded that it is meant for female customers as it was ‘sleeker’ as compared to

Business plan - Setting up my own business (Flower Shop) Coursework

Business plan - Setting up my own business (Flower Shop) - Coursework Example There will be a highly connected delivery network that will enable flowers to be delivered the right time so that the impact is not lost due to an inefficient delivery. Flowers are a good choice for several occasions including birthdays, mother’s day, and weddings, to name just a few. A key differentiator would be its exclusive floristry that will provide elegant flowers of the best quality. Perhaps the most convenient and obvious segmentation is the occasion segmentation that will segment the market according to different occasions namely weddings, birthdays, Mother’s day, Christmas, Valentine’s day and other seasonal parties. This division of the market into sub groups will allow greater profits through larger sales by targeting the right set of individuals (Hall, Jones, Raffo, and Anderton 2008, p. 139). Another option is to segment the target markets temporally, meaning, based on the required delivery times. While many occasions require same day delivery, many others do not. For this reason, it will be convenient to divide the market to groups of individuals based on the delivery times for the recipients. In case of time based segmentation, the segmentation variables would include same day delivery, next day delivery, peak seasonal delivery, and other holidays. The florist offers great flower at good prices with international delivery options. Moreover, the customers have the choice of various delivery time options. The flower shop also has a flower catalog that can be requested to order unique flowers for different occasions (Philip’s Flower Shops 2014). Philip’s flower shops operate online and have a specially designed website structure that allows easy ordering of flowers online. It also provides flexible delivery systems for its customers so that recipients receive flowers on the appropriate time. Since Tesco is a large

Undesirable Behavior in Children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Undesirable Behavior in Children - Essay Example Undesirable Behavior in Children Data provide evidence that aggression in preschool children is more common and stable. Friends can create change in aggression more swiftly in comparison to teachers and parents; however, the same cannot be said for all peers in the class. Some mechanisms are more effective than others in furthering a change in aggression state while half of the participants feel that a child can bring changes in another child's dislike. Additionally, researchers also found that chasing or running could play a bigger role in creating conforming behavior. Article: Increasing the Teacher Rate of Behaviour Specific Praise and its Effect on a Child with Aggressive Behaviour Problems Moffat (2011) investigated effectiveness of behavior specific praise (BSP) by teacher to improve the children behavior. Numerous studies suggest that behavior specific praise (BSP) by teacher is helpful in reducing antisocial behavior of the students. Participants were Tich – a kid of age 3 year and 9 month, and a teac her named Mona. Mona involved in this specific experiment possessed more than 20 years of experience as a teacher with students in the early childhood. Data were collected through observation methods. Mona and Tich were observed for 3 weeks to understand how Tich responded to the statements of Mona. Mona would reprimand Tich for any unacceptable behaviors but would never praise Tich for any pro-social behaviors. Mona was given proper lessons of BSP statements and informed when she failed to make BSP statement for Tich. The findings reveal that as the frequency of BSP goes up the rate of reprimands decrease. By week three, there are considerable changes in the teacher-student relationship. The relationship acquires a positive tone. At the end of third week, Mona and Tich both get a better understanding for each other. The researcher concludes that the higher the frequency of BSP statements, the higher the incidents of pro-social behaviors and the lesser the frequency of antisocial be haviors. Article: Media Exposure, Aggression and Prosocial Behavior during Early Childhood Ostrov et al. (2006) investigated the role of media exposure on preschool children. In the two-year longitudinal study, 78 preschool children and head teachers participated. The study also involved parental reports of media exposure in reference to physical aggression for boys and relational aggression for girls. The data from parents were collected through a questionnaire that gave feedback on their children's favorite shows, movies or videos. Data on children behavior in class room were collected through observation facilitated by videotapes. Data reveals that media exposure leads to physical and relational aggression during early childhood. Parental monitoring of media exposure in home leads to future and concurrent effects on children's social behavior with their peers. Exposure to educational media does not necessarily generate positive or pro-social behaviors. Also, too much media exposu re, in general, can create negative consequences for children in their relationship with peers. Researchers also found the relation between educational media exposure (EME) and violent media exposure (VME) regarding aggression and pro-social behavior of the children in their early childhood. Article: The Friendship Features of Preschool Children: Links with Prosocial Behavior and Aggression Sebanc (2003) investigated features of young children's friendship and also if these features had any association with aggressive and

Human Growth and Development Essay Example for Free

Human Growth and Development Essay Definition of Plagiarism Plagiarism is an attempt (deliberate or inadvertent) to gain advantage by the representation of another persons work, without acknowledgement of the source, as the students own for the purposes of satisfying formal assessment requirements. Recognised forms of plagiarism include 1. the use in a students own work of more than a single phrase from another persons work without the use of quotation marks and acknowledgement of the source; 2. the summarising of another persons work by simply changing a few works or altering the order of presentation, without acknowledgement; 3. the use of ideas or intellectual data of another person without acknowledgement of the source, or the submission or presentation of work as if it were the students own, which are substantially the ideas or intellectual data of another person; 4. copying the work of another person; 5. the submission of work, as if it were the students own, which has been obtained from the internet or any other form of information technology; 6. the submission of coursework making significant use of unattributed digital images such as graphs, tables, photographs, etc. taken from books/articles, the internet or from the work of another person; 7. the submission of a piece of work which has previously been assessed for a different award or module or at a different institution as if it were new work; 8. a student who allows or is involved in allowing, either knowingly or unknowingly, another student to copy anothers work including physical or digital images would be deemed to be guilty of plagiarism. 9. If plagiarism is suspected students will be required to supply an electronic copy of the work in question so that it may be subjected to electronic plagiarism detection testing. Therefore students are required to keep work electronically until after they receive their results as electronic detection may be part of the investigative process. Source: Assessment Handbook 15f. In submitting this work I confirm I have read and understood the regulations relating to plagiarism and academic misconduct that I signed when I submitted my Assessment Confirmation Form. In submitting this work I confirm I have read and understood the regulations relating to plagiarism and academic misconduct that I signed when I submitted my Assessment Confirmation Form. ASSIGNMENT TITLE Human Growth and Development PortfolioI am observing a 22 month old boy, who for this report I will call Tom. Tom lives with his Mum, Dad and older sister Molly who is 3 years of age and has just started nursery. His Mum stays at home with the children whilst Dad works. Both parents are from Poland thus polish is their first language, however their Mum explained to me that Molly is going to nursery to develop her English. She also said that Tom was only speaking a little; some words English and some Polish. I will be observing Tom in his home. Observing Tom – Week one 12.10.2012 word count: 991 I arrived at the flat and was greeted by Tom’s mother who took my coat and showed me around the flat. Tom’s sister was sat eating at the table in the living room and Tom walked out of his bedroom and looked at me. He stared at me and I said â€Å"hello†, he smiled and ran back in his bedroom. Molly walked down the hall and smiled at me and spoke to Mum in polish and Mum replied, she then galloped past me and sat on the floor with toys. Mum told me that she had told Molly they had a visitor coming but they had to pretend I was invisible; she said she hadn’t told Tom as he wouldn’t understand. Besides the anxiety I was experiencing, I felt quite comfortable in the flat, the smell of washing powder was very familiar and I instantly warmed to the children. It seemed as though they were waiting for me to engage and it felt alien that I couldn’t. Mum encouraged the children to play in their bedroom as they were both stood looking at me. Mum went into the kitchen and I crouched down in the corner of the bedroom. I quickly realised this wasn’t a great idea as they both presented me with toys and giggled looking at each other. Molly passed me a Barbie and held another one and said, â€Å"This is dolly and you have man dolly† she then spoke in character through the Barbie and said, â€Å"Hello!† I found it difficult to divert from playing with her, I said â€Å"hello† and passed it to Tom to encourage them to play together. Molly continued to say, â€Å"This is dolly† trying to pass her to me. She seemed slightly frustrated that I was attempting to divert her attention away from me and I found it unnatural. As kneeling down was attracting their attention I stood in the doorway out the way. Mum came in the bedroom and put a children’s DVD of nursery rhymes. Molly started jumping about; Tom watched Molly and copied her jumping. They both smiled and kept looking at me. I smiled at them but was unsure of my facial expressions because I didn’t want to seem too approachable. I continued to find it uncomfortable how much they seemed to plea for my attention and I couldn’t respond properly. Molly then got out a box of Lego and brought it over to where I was stood, Tom followed and they started building the blocks together. They played nicely, taking it in turns; I enjoyed watching them and felt at ease that the attention was off me. When they made a tower Molly said, â€Å"no finish, no finish† each time they put a piece on and then said, â€Å"Finished!† and they both clapped their hands smiling. They did this several times. I noticed that Tom seemed relaxed and let Molly take the lead when she wanted to. Molly then went to get a picnic set and brought it back. Tom pretended to pour me a drink and passed me a cup; I said â€Å"Thank-you† and pretended to drink. I pointed at Molly to encourage him to pass it to her. Molly laid three plates on the floor and pointed at one and said, â€Å"Play?† I think Mum could see that I needed some help diverting their attention so she encouraged Molly to go back into her bedroom and they put some books away. Tom quickly ran back in his room following them. Mum laid a picnic blanket and laid it down on the floor in the bedroom and asked Molly to bring the picnic set in there. Mum then changed Tom’s nappy. Molly fluctuated from polish to English as she spoke. She then got out a fancy dress and showed me, saying â€Å"Look its Molly’s dress.† Mum helped her put it on. Tom tugged at the box of fancy dress clothes and so Mum also helped him into a skirt. They danced around the room together laughing. Molly kept spinning around and giggling and Tom copied her. I liked the way Mum had no problem with letting Tom wear a skirt and it reminded me of my own childhood when my younger brother would also wear my dresses. ‘Wheels on the bus’ came on and Tom danced in front of the television and they both did the arm motions. Tom wiggled his bum and stood right in front of the television. Mum laughed and sat cross legged next to them. Although the children were quite active, the atmosphere in the house was very calm and quiet, Mum’s presence was very peaceful and she spoke very quietly. Molly climbed on to her bed, Mum went over and tickled her; she giggled loudly. Tom still had his skirt on and continued to dance around the room. He then started to push a pram with a doll in around the room; he continued to watch the television and wiggled his bum watching with his mouth open. He then tipped over the pram and sat on the floor; he held the back wheel and moved it like he was pretending to drive. Molly then ran in to the hall and put on her shoes; Tom followed her and copied her. Molly put a hat on and then put one on Tom’s head. Mum laughed and helped Tom put his shoes on. She then tried to take off Tom’s skirt but he held on to it so she let him keep it on. Tom then pottered back into his bedroom where Molly was dancing, he joined in. Molly spun around with her eyes closed and then giggled looking at me. Tom copied her and stumbled backwards, Molly pulled Tom towards her and cuddled him and kissed his face. I wondered if Molly was ‘acting up’ because she was being watched by me, I questioned whether their behaviour was entirely natural. End of observation. Observing Tom – Week four 02.11.2012 word count: 1,025 When I arrived Tom ran out of his bedroom and into his parents’ room. He climbed up on to the bed and turned around to look at Mum, smiling as if he knew she was going to react. Mum said, â€Å"Hey, Tom† in a cautionary manner yet smiling. She grabbed him playfully and tickled him; he laughed loudly and squealed rolling on his back. He then climbed up on to the window sill. Mum spoke more sternly to Tom (in Polish) I assumed she was asking him to either get down or be careful. Again Tom turned back and looked at Mum gingerly with a cheeky smile. Mum told me she had felt poorly for a couple of weeks; she seemed quite run down and a little stressed. However she was patient with Tom. Mum was sat next to him and had her hand on the window handle so he couldn’t open it. Tom pointed out the window and looked astonished, Mum said, â€Å"Oooh ****† (Polish) Tom repeated the word and Mum nodded and smiled. She explained to me that he had seen a motor bike, she then pointed at various things out the window and said their names and Tom attempted to repeat the words. Tom spoke in a deep voice and stuck his chest out. Mum laughed and told me she was pointing out the vehicles names. I wondered whether Tom was speaking in a deep voice to imitate someone or whether he was trying to be ‘manly’. Tom then reached out to the window handle, Mum said, â€Å"Tom† firmly and took his hands away. He did this several more times, Mum again said his name and on the 4th time Tom imitated Mum and shouted, â€Å"Tom!† Mum started laughing and picked him up and sat him on the bed and tickled him again, he laughed loudly and then climbed down and ran out into the hallway. Molly came out into the hall from her bedroom and smiled at me, she then ran after Tom and they both went into the living room. Mum pulled out their table and chairs and got out some paper for them. Molly said, â€Å"We’re going to paint, you know?† Mum laughed and sat them down with some paint and cups of water. Tom picked up two paint brushes and banged them on his paper and made roaring sounds. He then struggled to pick up paint on his paint brush and frowned as he brushed over the pallets of paint, he tried to paint on the paper but nothing stuck, he stamped his feet a few times. Molly soaked up more water on her paint brush and slowly brushed her paint brush over the pallets, she seemed to know what she was doing, perhaps from painting at Nursery or remembering what Mum or Dad had taught her. Tom seemed a lot more impatient and frustrated and looked at Molly painting, slightly frowning. He then leant over and painted on her paper. She shouted out, â€Å"No Tom!† But he had left no mark, just a watery smear, so she pulled her paper away and continued to paint. Mum turned around and said, â€Å"Hey, hey Tom.† Tom continued to try to paint and let out noises of frustration; Mum came over and tried to help him apply the paint on his brush. Molly said, â€Å"Mimi† and Mum drew a Mickey Mouse face on her piece of paper in pink. Molly held her paper and came over to me saying, â€Å"Look its Mimi, Mickey Mouse, you know?† I laughed and wondered if Molly had heard someone at Nursery saying, â€Å"you know† and was imitating them as she had said it a few times and I hadn’t heard her say it before. Tom leant over and tried to paint on Molly’s Mickey Mouse, Molly squealed out and shouted, â€Å"No, Tom!† Mum seemed to tell them off as she spoke sternly in Polish, however still remained calm. The children seemed more agitated today and I wondered if Mum being ill had slightly impacted their behaviour, although Mum seemed to be struggling she was still calm with the children. I also noticed that Mum and Molly spoke more in Polish than previous weeks, I wondered if this was because they were more comfortable in my presence. Mum drew a Mickey Mouse for Tom so he wouldn’t bother Molly anymore. She drew his Mickey Mouse in blue, perhaps to tell the difference between whose was whose, but I also considered whether it was colour coded for ‘girl’ and ‘boy’. He smiled and shouted, â€Å"Mimi!† Molly and Tom both called out, â€Å"Mimi† they seemed to be in competition with each other of who could shout louder and laughed each time they shouted. Tom then went around the table on the opposite side to Molly and she prodded him playfully in his tummy with the end of her paint brush. Tom giggled so she did it again, she continued to do it and they both giggled more and more each time, becoming very excited. Molly then climbed up onto a seat at the dining room table and asked Mum if she could have her stickers, Tom went over and peered up at the table to see what Molly was doing. Mum helped Tom into his seat and brought over a sheet of stickers, Molly began sticking them onto her paper but Tom struggled to peel his stickers off, he made a fist and banged the paper making grunting noises. Mum went over again and helped him peel them off. Tom struggled again when Mum went back to the computer so he seemed to lose interest and again became more interested in Molly’s paper. Seeing Tom struggling made me feel uncomfortable that I couldn’t assist him. Tom climbed down from the table and ran into his bedroom; he peered up at the shelf of DVD’s. He shouted out, perhaps in Polish, Mum came in the room and pointed at various DVD’s until he said yes. She put on a film called ‘Pipi’ Tom danced around to the introduction music and stood close to the screen wiggling his bottom. End of observation. In this essay I will evaluate my experience as an observer and describe the place of observation in Social work. Finally, I will focus on gender development as my major theme of consideration. Initially, although I was a little apprehensive; I came to find the role of the observer a considerable challenge. Although in some ways I grew more comfortable with certain aspects of the exercise, I found a degree of discomfort in the role I was to undertake. I could relate greatly to the content of Quitak, N (2004) article, as I too struggled to find my feet to gain the right balance in distance and involvement. I experienced feelings of guilt when the children required my attention and learnt that I had to tolerate the anxiety of non-intervention. Trowell and Miles (1991) say in relation to social work, that due to the requirements of the role, they at times have to be assertive (cited in Quitak, 2004). Therefore to be effective, they must come to terms with the discomfort this can imply. M attinson (1975) cited in Quitak, N (2004) discusses this concept in terms of the ‘psychological distance’ often required. Trowell and Miles (1991) cited in Quitak (2004) in terms of remaining ‘actively positive’; retaining a physical distance, whilst allowing one self to become deeply involved. When recording my observation afterwards, I found that the first things I recalled were from the first and last part of the hour, plus what was unusual and stood out to me. Munro (1991) says that this is because we are trying to hold onto awareness of the surroundings and the different ways in which people converse and interact, (cited in Lefevre, 2010). I recognised I was preoccupied with trying to remember everything. On reflection I realised that I should have observed everything and then later try to identify the most salient points. A further distraction was Tom’s sister, Molly, who features heavily in my records, because her behaviour was more emphatic, however, I was unable to moderate her behaviour in order to allow Tom a more significant role. Munro (1991) says that such challenges an d disruptions to memory are one of the reasons assessments are often based on incomplete or inaccurate information. I was also concerned on whether pre-determined bias would creep in, as indeed, people’s values, culture and previous experiences will always influence how they interpret what they see (Cox, 2005, cited in Lefevre, 2010). Furthermore due to Tom not speaking properly yet and the language barrier it was harder for me to recall as I couldn’t prompt my memory with odd sentences. Malekoff (1994) says that thoughts and feelings of children are often emotionally processed and conveyed through more direct means, and body language may provide important clues as to how they feel (cited in Lefevre, M. 2010). This heightened my awareness of non-verbal communication and improved my capacity to analyse non- verbal behaviour. Observing children over time may help to explain what relates more to their general character and what might be a response to caretaking and environmental experiences. What they convey through certain choices provides insight into their social identity and sense of self and cultural norms. Plus their racial identity may also be revealed. A social worker will need to be open to different social and cultural experiences and consider how a child may be affected by different factors such as ethnocentrism. Self-awareness and understanding of the impact of oppression on racial identity will be important (Robinson, 2007, cited in Lefevre, 2010). Recent work on prejudice/identity development focuses on applications of intergroup theory to examine the basis of social categorization and its effects. One development has been to look more generally at children’s knowledge of other countries and nationalities (Cowie et al. 2009). I believe this could be very beneficial for Tom in the future. When watching the children I questioned whether their behaviour was altered by my presence (see week one, lines 58-62 and week four, lines 109-110). The experience of being observed can evoke anxiety and feelings of disempowerment due to possible fear of being judged or misunderstood, which can result in them behaving differently. In relation to assessments, it is important to consider how workers might affect the observed situation (Tanner and Turney, 2000 cited in Lefevre, 2004). I understand that the move from observation to interpretation is complex and therefore should proceed with caution. In bringing reflective approaches to child observations into social work, a link is made ‘between knowledge of human growth and development, observational skills and effective social work communication with children (Luckock et al, 2006, p 39). A picture of a children’s world, particularly their emotional experience, is created, which may include how they interact with and respond to parents. This may then be used to inform assessment and care planning, including the assessment of neglect (Tanner and Turney, 2000), child protection assessments (Fleming, 2004), multidisciplinary assessments for the family courts (Youell, 2002) and the supervision of contact (Hindle and Easton, 1999). The debate about the health, safety and welfare of children became a preoccupation of government following the death of Victoria Climbie in 2000 (Youell, 2009 and Wilson, 1992). It ‘can refer to both one’s own and one’s partner’s expression, with lack’ of expressiveness on either one’s part seen as dissatisfying’ (Hecht et al., 1989). Cultures vary in what is considered ‘appropriate channelling’ of emotions. For example in some cultural groups restraint of strong feelings is highly valued. Social workers must always consider cultural factors when assessing people (Robinson, 2007. Pg. 116-120). I considered cultural differences whilst observing, Mum was always very quiet and when I met Dad, he was also quiet. Although I was aware that this may be their personalities, I considered if is in their culture to be quiet (see week one, line 49). This experience has taught me that although it is imperative for practitioners to be sensitive to the impact of our presence, it is vital not to forget that we must remain focussed upon the objectives set for the observation. From observing Tom, I found myself particularly interested in his behaviour in relation to his ‘gender role’. I became drawn in to spotting which toys interested him, what he chose to wear and his general behaviour. Piaget has shown how important symbolisation is to cognitive development. One of the many important things children must learn during their first years is what sex they are; they learn that they are expected to behave in different ways according to whether they are a boy or a girl. Learning to behave â€Å"appropriately† for their sex involves learning their â€Å"gender identity† (Davenport, 1992, pg. 275). I will be looking at theories of acquiring a sex-role, looking at; biological factors, social learning and cognitive development. The results of various studies indicate that most children begin to acquire their sex identity from around 18 months. By 2 years they begin to identify what sex other children are, although they’re not too sure of their own gender identity until somewhere between two and a half and three years (Davenport, 1992, pg. 275). Accordingly, at 22 months, Tom should be beginning to identify gender, but not his own for another 7 or 8 months. Boys and girls differ in one chromosome pair; this genetic difference normally leads to differential production of hormones. These hormones lead to differentiation of bodily characteristics, such as the genital organs, and may also influence brain growth and therefore behaviour patterns (Cowie et al, 2003). Theories emphasising biological forces look for experimental evidence that links male hormones with certain types o f behaviour (Davenport, 1992). Collaer and Hines (1995) cited in Cowie et al. (2009) examined the evidence for the effects of sex hormone abnormalities on behaviour over a range of outcome variables. They conclude that the evidence is strongest for childhood play behaviour; in normal foetal development male sex hormones seem to predispose boys to become more physically active. They also argue that the evidence is relatively strong in two other areas: aggression and sexual orientation. Such effects are consistent with evidence that some sex differences appear early in life. Much research has shown males to be more aggressive, and that aggression begins at around 2 years (Cowie et al. pg. 190-192. 2009). Tom demonstrated behaviours of aggression; see ‘observation week four’ (lines 88-103 and 119). This has been explained by the higher testosterone levels than females. However, it is possible that boys are reinforced for behaving aggressively, and this makes them produce more testosterone (Cowie et al. 2009). Money and Ehrhardt (1972) carried out a study to understand the effect that the male sex hormone, androgen has on girls. They examined girls who had been exposed to unusually high levels of androgen before birth. Compared with a matched group of girls who hadn’t, these girls and their mothers reported themselves to being ‘tomboys’. However, Cowie et al (2009) argue that because the parents knew of the hormonal abnormalities, this could have affected their behaviour towards their children. While biological factors are probably important in explanations of sex differences, they do not fully explain the process of sex-role identification, or explain the variations in sex roles in different societies (Cowie et al, 2009). Social Learning theorists claim that we acquire our gender roles by observation, modelling, and being reinforced for behaving accordingly. This implies a learning process, that social factors are also important. For example it may be that female babies are spoken to more often than boys, thus pick up language sooner (Davenport, pg. 276-278, 1992). On reflection, Tom’s Mum spoke more to Molly, although this may be because she was replying to her. An early approach to the learning of sex-role identification was that children are moulded into sex-roles by the behaviour of adults, especially parents and teachers (Bandura, 1969; Mischel, 1970). In its early version (which Maccoby, 2000, calls ‘direct sociolization’) this theory suggests tha t parents and others reward sex-appropriate behaviour in children (cited in Smith et al. 2009), (see week one, lines 45-47 and also lines 40-1 and 56-57). Mum happily helped Tom in to the skirt, although would then attempt to get it off. I wondered if this was because Mum was a bit reluctant to him wearing it, or even feared I may judge her. I also considered if it would be different if Dad were around. Fagot (1978) studied children ages 20-24 months in American homes and found that girls were encouraged by their parents to dance, dress up and play with dolls, whereas boys were encouraged to play with blocks and trucks. Conversely, Tom’s Mum did not discourage him from playing with the pram (see week one, lines 51-54) a typical ‘girls toy’. Furthermore Fagot (1985) found that nursery school teachers tend to reward ‘feminine’ types of behaviour, in both boys and girls, yet this does not prevent boys engaging more in noisy, rough-and-tumble play. Nevertheless, many reviews have felt that this evidence has not been very convincing (Golombok, and Hines, 2002; Maccoby, 2000, cited in Smith et al. 2009). It m ay be that any differential behaviour by parents is simply responding to pre-existing differences in boys and girls behaviour (Davenport, 1992). Indirect socialization (Maccoby, 2000), supposes that children observe the behaviour of same sex models, and imitate them, for example, boys might imitate the behaviour of male figures on TV (cited in Smith et al. 2009).TV features in every record, and Tom was always very engrossed and on more than one occasion I noticed him imitating what was acted or said (see week one, line 52). A report by Himmelweit et al. (1958) looked for changes in children’s behaviour with the concern that violence on television may make children more aggressive, and that many programmes portray stereotyped images of sex roles. Alternatively, others think that television can be used to encourage cooperative behaviour, or reduced stereotyped views (Greenfield, 1984, cited in Smith et al. 2009). This introduces influences on behaviour that suggest the importance of cognitive factors. Social cognitive theory (Bussey and Bandura, 1999) draws together the ideas of both theories. They suggest children monitor their own behaviour built on what is appropriate; identification with peer group monitoring their behaviour in relation to how they expect same-sex peers might react (cited in Cowie et al. 2009). I didn’t get to see Tom interact with any male children, I found Molly to be a great influence on his behaviour; i.e. see week one lines 21-22, 26 and 59. I imagine this is because supposedly he has not yet identified himself as a boy and does not have much, if any, contact with other boys of similar age. Preference for same-sex peers seems to be a cross-cultural phenomenon, and one that increases through childhood into adolescence. Maccoby (1998, 200) has documented this, and argues that it is a key factor in integrating not only cognitive and social factors, but also the biological factors affecting sex differences (Cowie et al. 2009). Observing Tom enabled me a great insight into his world, but has also indeed taught me a lot about myself, gaining skills of self-awareness and reflective practice that I hope to bring to future practice. Bibliography Bandura, A. 1969: Social Learning theory of identificatory processes. In D. A Goslin (ed.), Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research. Chicago: Rand McNally. Peter K.Smith, Helen Cowie and Mark Blades (2009). Understanding Childrens Development . 4th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 186-194. G C Davenport (1992). An introduction to Child development. London: Colins Educational. 275-291. Money, J. and Ehrhardt, A. A. 1972: Man and Woman, Boy and Girl. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Michelle Lefevre (2010). Communicating with children and young people making a difference. Bristol: The Policy Press. 147-169. Judith Trowell and Gillian Miles. (1991). The contribution of observation training to professional development in social work . 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